變(bian)壓(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)（Transformer）是(shi)(shi)利用(yong)電(dian)磁(ci)感應的(de)(de)原(yuan)理來改變(bian)交流(liu)電(dian)壓(ya)(ya)的(de)(de)裝置，主要構件(jian)是(shi)(shi)初(chu)級(ji)(ji)(ji)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)圈(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)、次級(ji)(ji)(ji)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)圈(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)和鐵(tie)芯（磁(ci)芯）。主要功能有：電(dian)壓(ya)(ya)變(bian)換(huan)、電(dian)流(liu)變(bian)換(huan)、阻抗變(bian)換(huan)、隔(ge)離(li)、穩壓(ya)(ya)（磁(ci)飽和變(bian)壓(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)）等(deng)。按用(yong)途可(ke)(ke)以分為(wei)(wei)：電(dian)力(li)變(bian)壓(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)和特(te)殊變(bian)壓(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)（電(dian)爐變(bian)、整流(liu)變(bian)、工頻(pin)試驗變(bian)壓(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、調(diao)壓(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、礦用(yong)變(bian)、音頻(pin)變(bian)壓(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、中頻(pin)變(bian)壓(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、高頻(pin)變(bian)壓(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、沖擊(ji)變(bian)壓(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、儀用(yong)變(bian)壓(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、電(dian)子變(bian)壓(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、電(dian)抗器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、互感器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)等(deng)）鐵(tie)心的(de)(de)作(zuo)用(yong)是(shi)(shi)加強兩個(ge)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)圈(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)間的(de)(de)磁(ci)耦合。為(wei)(wei)了減少鐵(tie)內渦流(liu)和磁(ci)滯(zhi)損(sun)(sun)(sun)耗，鐵(tie)心由涂漆的(de)(de)硅鋼(gang)片疊壓(ya)(ya)而成(cheng)(cheng);兩個(ge)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)圈(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)之間沒(mei)有電(dian)的(de)(de)關聯(lian)，線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)圈(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)由絕(jue)緣銅線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)（或(huo)鋁線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)）繞成(cheng)(cheng)。一(yi)個(ge)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)圈(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)接交流(liu)電(dian)源稱(cheng)為(wei)(wei)初(chu)級(ji)(ji)(ji)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)圈(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)（或(huo)原(yuan)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)圈(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)），另一(yi)個(ge)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)圈(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)接用(yong)電(dian)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)稱(cheng)為(wei)(wei)次級(ji)(ji)(ji)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)圈(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)（或(huo)副(fu)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)圈(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)）。實際的(de)(de)變(bian)壓(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)是(shi)(shi)很復雜的(de)(de)，不(bu)可(ke)(ke)避免地存在(zai)(zai)銅損(sun)(sun)(sun)（線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)圈(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)電(dian)阻發熱(re)）、鐵(tie)損(sun)(sun)(sun)（鐵(tie)心發熱(re)）和漏磁(ci)（經空氣閉(bi)合的(de)(de)磁(ci)感應線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)）等(deng)，為(wei)(wei)了簡(jian)化討論這里只介紹理想變(bian)壓(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)。理想變(bian)壓(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)成(cheng)(cheng)立的(de)(de)條(tiao)件(jian)是(shi)(shi)：忽(hu)略漏磁(ci)通，忽(hu)略原(yuan)、副(fu)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)圈(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)的(de)(de)電(dian)阻，忽(hu)略鐵(tie)心的(de)(de)損(sun)(sun)(sun)耗，忽(hu)略空載(zai)電(dian)流(liu)（副(fu)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)圈(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)開路(lu)原(yuan)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)圈(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)圈(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)中的(de)(de)電(dian)流(liu)）。例如電(dian)力(li)變(bian)壓(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)在(zai)(zai)滿載(zai)運行時（副(fu)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)圈(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)輸出(chu)額定(ding)功率）即(ji)接近理想變(bian)壓(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)情況。

光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)式(shi)(shi)(shi)傳感器(qi)(qi)(qi)photoelectric transducer，基于光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)效應的(de)(de)傳感器(qi)(qi)(qi)，在(zai)受到(dao)可見(jian)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)照射后(hou)即(ji)產生(sheng)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)效應，將光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)信號轉(zhuan)換成電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)信號輸出。它除能測量(liang)(liang)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)強之外，還能利用(yong)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)線的(de)(de)透射、遮擋、反(fan)射、干(gan)涉等(deng)測量(liang)(liang)多(duo)種物理量(liang)(liang)，如尺寸、位移、速(su)度、溫度等(deng)，因而是(shi)一種應用(yong)極廣泛的(de)(de)重要敏(min)感器(qi)(qi)(qi)件。光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)測量(liang)(liang)時不與被(bei)(bei)測對象(xiang)直(zhi)接(jie)接(jie)觸，光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)束的(de)(de)質量(liang)(liang)又近似為零(ling)，在(zai)測量(liang)(liang)中不存在(zai)摩(mo)擦(ca)和(he)對被(bei)(bei)測對象(xiang)幾乎不施加壓力。因此在(zai)許多(duo)應用(yong)場合，光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)式(shi)(shi)(shi)傳感器(qi)(qi)(qi)比其(qi)他傳感器(qi)(qi)(qi)有明顯(xian)的(de)(de)優越性。其(qi)缺點是(shi)在(zai)某些(xie)應用(yong)方面，光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)學器(qi)(qi)(qi)件和(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子器(qi)(qi)(qi)件價格較貴(gui)，并(bing)且(qie)對測量(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)環境(jing)條件要求(qiu)較高(gao)。基于外光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)效應的(de)(de)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)敏(min)感器(qi)(qi)(qi)件有光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)管(guan)(guan)和(he)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)倍增管(guan)(guan)。基于光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)導效應的(de)(de)有光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)敏(min)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻。基于勢(shi)壘效應的(de)(de)有光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)二極管(guan)(guan)和(he)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)三(san)極管(guan)(guan)(見(jian)半導體光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)敏(min)元(yuan)件)。基于側向光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)效應的(de)(de)有反(fan)轉(zhuan)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)敏(min)二極管(guan)(guan)。光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)式(shi)(shi)(shi)傳感器(qi)(qi)(qi)還可按信號形式(shi)(shi)(shi)分為模擬式(shi)(shi)(shi)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)傳感器(qi)(qi)(qi)和(he)數(shu)字式(shi)(shi)(shi)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)傳感器(qi)(qi)(qi)。光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)式(shi)(shi)(shi)傳感器(qi)(qi)(qi)還有光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)纖傳感器(qi)(qi)(qi)、固體圖像傳感器(qi)(qi)(qi)等(deng)

溢(yi)(yi)流(liu)閥(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)是(shi)一(yi)種液(ye)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)力(li)(li)控(kong)制閥(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)，在(zai)(zai)液(ye)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)設備中(zhong)(zhong)主(zhu)要(yao)起定(ding)(ding)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)溢(yi)(yi)流(liu)，穩壓(ya)(ya)(ya)，系統卸荷和(he)安全保護(hu)作用。溢(yi)(yi)流(liu)閥(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)在(zai)(zai)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)配或使用中(zhong)(zhong)，由于O形密(mi)封圈、組合(he)密(mi)封圈的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)損(sun)壞(huai)，或者(zhe)安裝(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)螺釘、管(guan)接頭(tou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)松動(dong)，都(dou)可能(neng)造成不應有(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)外泄漏。液(ye)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)置中(zhong)(zhong)容(rong)易(yi)產生噪聲(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)元件一(yi)般認為是(shi)泵(beng)和(he)閥(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)，閥(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)中(zhong)(zhong)又以溢(yi)(yi)流(liu)閥(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)和(he)電磁(ci)換向閥(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)等為主(zhu)。產生噪聲(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)因素很多。溢(yi)(yi)流(liu)閥(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)噪聲(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)有(you)流(liu)速聲(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)和(he)機械聲(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)二種。流(liu)速聲(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)中(zhong)(zhong)主(zhu)要(yao)由油(you)(you)(you)液(ye)振(zhen)(zhen)動(dong)、空穴以及液(ye)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)沖擊等原(yuan)因產生的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)噪聲(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)。機械聲(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)中(zhong)(zhong)主(zhu)要(yao)由閥(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)中(zhong)(zhong)零(ling)件的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)撞擊和(he)磨擦等原(yuan)因產生的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)噪聲(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)。定(ding)(ding)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)溢(yi)(yi)流(liu)作用：在(zai)(zai)定(ding)(ding)量(liang)(liang)泵(beng)節(jie)(jie)流(liu)調節(jie)(jie)系統中(zhong)(zhong)，定(ding)(ding)量(liang)(liang)泵(beng)提供的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)恒定(ding)(ding)流(liu)量(liang)(liang)。當系統壓(ya)(ya)(ya)力(li)(li)增大時，會(hui)使流(liu)量(liang)(liang)需(xu)求(qiu)減小(xiao)。此時溢(yi)(yi)流(liu)閥(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)開啟，使多余流(liu)量(liang)(liang)溢(yi)(yi)回(hui)油(you)(you)(you)箱，保證溢(yi)(yi)流(liu)閥(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)進口(kou)(kou)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)力(li)(li)，即(ji)泵(beng)出口(kou)(kou)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)力(li)(li)恒定(ding)(ding)（閥(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)口(kou)(kou)常隨(sui)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)力(li)(li)波動(dong)開啟）。在(zai)(zai)先導型溢(yi)(yi)流(liu)閥(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)發(fa)出的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)噪聲(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)中(zhong)(zhong)，有(you)時會(hui)有(you)機械性的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)高(gao)(gao)頻振(zhen)(zhen)動(dong)聲(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)，一(yi)般稱它(ta)為自(zi)激振(zhen)(zhen)動(dong)聲(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)。這是(shi)主(zhu)閥(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)和(he)導閥(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)因高(gao)(gao)頻振(zhen)(zhen)動(dong)而發(fa)生的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)聲(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)音。它(ta)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)生率與回(hui)油(you)(you)(you)管(guan)道的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)配置、流(liu)量(liang)(liang)、壓(ya)(ya)(ya)力(li)(li)、油(you)(you)(you)溫(wen)（粘度）等因素有(you)關。一(yi)般情況下，管(guan)道口(kou)(kou)徑小(xiao)、流(liu)量(liang)(liang)少、壓(ya)(ya)(ya)力(li)(li)高(gao)(gao)、油(you)(you)(you)液(ye)粘度低(di)，自(zi)激振(zhen)(zhen)動(dong)發(fa)生率就(jiu)高(gao)(gao)

計(ji)算(suan)(suan)(suan)機(ji)與(yu)(yu)計(ji)算(suan)(suan)(suan)機(ji)或計(ji)算(suan)(suan)(suan)機(ji)與(yu)(yu)終端(duan)之(zhi)間的(de)(de)(de)數(shu)(shu)據傳(chuan)送可(ke)(ke)以(yi)采用(yong)串(chuan)行(xing)通(tong)訊(xun)(xun)(xun)(xun)和并行(xing)通(tong)訊(xun)(xun)(xun)(xun)二種(zhong)方(fang)式(shi)。由于(yu)(yu)串(chuan)行(xing)通(tong)訊(xun)(xun)(xun)(xun)方(fang)式(shi)具有(you)使(shi)(shi)用(yong)線(xian)路(lu)少、成本低，特(te)別是在遠程(cheng)(cheng)傳(chuan)輸時，避免(mian)了多(duo)條線(xian)路(lu)特(te)性的(de)(de)(de)不一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)致(zhi)而被廣泛采用(yong)。 在串(chuan)行(xing)通(tong)訊(xun)(xun)(xun)(xun)時，要求通(tong)訊(xun)(xun)(xun)(xun)雙方(fang)都采用(yong)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)個(ge)標準(zhun)接(jie)(jie)口(kou)，使(shi)(shi)不同 的(de)(de)(de)設(she)(she)備(bei)可(ke)(ke)以(yi)方(fang)便地連接(jie)(jie)起來(lai)進(jin)行(xing)通(tong)訊(xun)(xun)(xun)(xun)。 RS-232-C接(jie)(jie)口(kou)（又稱 EIA RS-232-C）是目(mu)前最常用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)種(zhong)串(chuan)行(xing)通(tong)訊(xun)(xun)(xun)(xun)接(jie)(jie)口(kou)。它是在1970年由美國電(dian)子工業協會（EIA）聯合貝爾系統(tong)、 調(diao)制(zhi)解調(diao)器(qi)(qi)(qi)廠家(jia)及計(ji)算(suan)(suan)(suan)機(ji)終端(duan)生產廠家(jia)共(gong)同制(zhi)定的(de)(de)(de)用(yong)于(yu)(yu)串(chuan)行(xing)通(tong)訊(xun)(xun)(xun)(xun)的(de)(de)(de)標 準(zhun)。它的(de)(de)(de)全名是“數(shu)(shu)據終端(duan)設(she)(she)備(bei)（DTE）和數(shu)(shu)據通(tong)訊(xun)(xun)(xun)(xun)設(she)(she)備(bei)（DCE）之(zhi)間 串(chuan)行(xing)二進(jin)制(zhi)數(shu)(shu)據交(jiao)換(huan)接(jie)(jie)口(kou)技術標準(zhun)”該(gai)標準(zhun)規定采用(yong)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)個(ge)25個(ge)腳的(de)(de)(de) DB25連接(jie)(jie)器(qi)(qi)(qi)，對(dui)(dui)連接(jie)(jie)器(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)每個(ge)引腳的(de)(de)(de)信號內容加以(yi)規定，還對(dui)(dui)各(ge)種(zhong)信 號的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)平加以(yi)規定。以(yi)往，PC與(yu)(yu)智能(neng)(neng)設(she)(she)備(bei)通(tong)訊(xun)(xun)(xun)(xun)多(duo)借(jie)助(zhu)RS232、RS485、以(yi)太網等方(fang)式(shi)，主(zhu)要取決于(yu)(yu)設(she)(she)備(bei)的(de)(de)(de)接(jie)(jie)口(kou)規范。但RS232、RS485只(zhi)能(neng)(neng)代(dai)表通(tong)訊(xun)(xun)(xun)(xun)的(de)(de)(de)物理介質層和鏈路(lu)層，如(ru)果(guo)要實(shi)現數(shu)(shu)據的(de)(de)(de)雙向訪問(wen)，就(jiu)必須自己編寫通(tong)訊(xun)(xun)(xun)(xun)應用(yong)程(cheng)(cheng)序(xu)，但這種(zhong)程(cheng)(cheng)序(xu)多(duo)數(shu)(shu)都不能(neng)(neng)符合ISO/OSI的(de)(de)(de)規范，只(zhi)能(neng)(neng)實(shi)現較單(dan)(dan)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)的(de)(de)(de)功能(neng)(neng)，適用(yong)于(yu)(yu)單(dan)(dan)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)設(she)(she)備(bei)類型，程(cheng)(cheng)序(xu)不具備(bei)通(tong)用(yong)性。在RS232或RS485設(she)(she)備(bei)聯成的(de)(de)(de)設(she)(she)備(bei)網中，如(ru)果(guo)設(she)(she)備(bei)數(shu)(shu)量超過2臺，就(jiu)必須使(shi)(shi)用(yong)RS485做通(tong)訊(xun)(xun)(xun)(xun)介質，RS485網的(de)(de)(de)設(she)(she)備(bei)間要想互通(tong)信息只(zhi)有(you)通(tong)過“主(zhu)（Master）”設(she)(she)備(bei)中轉才(cai)能(neng)(neng)實(shi)現，這個(ge)主(zhu)設(she)(she)備(bei)通(tong)常是PC，而這種(zhong)設(she)(she)備(bei)網中只(zhi)允許存在一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)個(ge)主(zhu)設(she)(she)備(bei)，其余全部是從（Slave）設(she)(she)備(bei)。而現場總線(xian)技術是以(yi)ISO/OSI模型為基礎的(de)(de)(de)，具有(you)完(wan)整的(de)(de)(de)軟件支持系統(tong)，能(neng)(neng)夠(gou)解決總線(xian)控制(zhi)、沖突檢測、鏈路(lu)維護(hu)等問(wen)題(ti).

電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)磁(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)閥(fa)(fa)(fa)（Electromagnetic valve）是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)磁(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)工(gong)業設備，是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)來(lai)(lai)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)流(liu)體的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)自動(dong)化基礎元(yuan)件，屬于執(zhi)行器，并不(bu)(bu)限于液壓、氣動(dong)。用(yong)(yong)在(zai)(zai)工(gong)業控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)系統中(zhong)調整介質的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)方(fang)(fang)向、流(liu)量、速(su)度(du)和其他(ta)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)參(can)數。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)磁(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)閥(fa)(fa)(fa)可(ke)以配(pei)合不(bu)(bu)同(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路來(lai)(lai)實現預期(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)，而控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)精度(du)和靈活(huo)(huo)性都能夠保證。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)磁(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)閥(fa)(fa)(fa)有(you)很多種，不(bu)(bu)同(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)磁(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)閥(fa)(fa)(fa)在(zai)(zai)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)系統的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)不(bu)(bu)同(tong)位(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)置(zhi)發揮作用(yong)(yong)，最常(chang)(chang)用(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)單向閥(fa)(fa)(fa)、安全(quan)閥(fa)(fa)(fa)、方(fang)(fang)向控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)閥(fa)(fa)(fa)、速(su)度(du)調節閥(fa)(fa)(fa)等。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)磁(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)閥(fa)(fa)(fa)里有(you)密閉(bi)(bi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)腔(qiang)，在(zai)(zai)不(bu)(bu)同(tong)位(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)置(zhi)開有(you)通(tong)(tong)(tong)孔(kong)，每個(ge)孔(kong)連接不(bu)(bu)同(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)油(you)(you)管(guan)，腔(qiang)中(zhong)間(jian)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)活(huo)(huo)塞(sai)，兩面是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)兩塊電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)磁(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)鐵(tie)，哪面的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)磁(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)鐵(tie)線圈(quan)(quan)通(tong)(tong)(tong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)閥(fa)(fa)(fa)體就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)會(hui)被(bei)(bei)吸引到哪邊，通(tong)(tong)(tong)過控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)閥(fa)(fa)(fa)體的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)移動(dong)來(lai)(lai)開啟或關閉(bi)(bi)不(bu)(bu)同(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)排油(you)(you)孔(kong)，而進油(you)(you)孔(kong)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)常(chang)(chang)開的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，液壓油(you)(you)就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)會(hui)進入不(bu)(bu)同(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)排油(you)(you)管(guan)，然后(hou)通(tong)(tong)(tong)過油(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)壓力(li)來(lai)(lai)推(tui)動(dong)油(you)(you)缸的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)活(huo)(huo)塞(sai)，活(huo)(huo)塞(sai)又帶(dai)(dai)動(dong)活(huo)(huo)塞(sai)桿，活(huo)(huo)塞(sai)桿帶(dai)(dai)動(dong)機(ji)械裝置(zhi)。這樣通(tong)(tong)(tong)過控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)磁(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)鐵(tie)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)通(tong)(tong)(tong)斷就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)了機(ji)械運動(dong)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)磁(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)閥(fa)(fa)(fa)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)由(you)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)磁(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)線圈(quan)(quan)和磁(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)芯組成(cheng)，是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)包含一(yi)個(ge)或幾個(ge)孔(kong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)閥(fa)(fa)(fa)體。當線圈(quan)(quan)通(tong)(tong)(tong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)或斷電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時，磁(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)芯的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)運轉將導(dao)致流(liu)體通(tong)(tong)(tong)過閥(fa)(fa)(fa)體或被(bei)(bei)切斷，以達(da)到改變(bian)流(liu)體方(fang)(fang)向的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)目的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)磁(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)閥(fa)(fa)(fa)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)磁(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)部件由(you)固定鐵(tie)芯、動(dong)鐵(tie)芯、線圈(quan)(quan)等部件組成(cheng)；閥(fa)(fa)(fa)體部分(fen)由(you)滑(hua)閥(fa)(fa)(fa)芯、滑(hua)閥(fa)(fa)(fa)套、彈簧(huang)底座等組成(cheng)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)磁(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)線圈(quan)(quan)被(bei)(bei)直接安裝在(zai)(zai)閥(fa)(fa)(fa)體上(shang)，閥(fa)(fa)(fa)體被(bei)(bei)封閉(bi)(bi)在(zai)(zai)密封管(guan)中(zhong)，構成(cheng)一(yi)個(ge)簡潔、緊湊的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)組合。我們在(zai)(zai)生產中(zhong)常(chang)(chang)用(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)磁(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)閥(fa)(fa)(fa)有(you)二(er)位(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)三(san)通(tong)(tong)(tong)、二(er)位(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)四(si)通(tong)(tong)(tong)、二(er)位(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)五通(tong)(tong)(tong)等。這里先(xian)說(shuo)說(shuo)二(er)位(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)含義：對于電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)磁(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)閥(fa)(fa)(fa)來(lai)(lai)說(shuo)就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)帶(dai)(dai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)和失電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，對于所控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)閥(fa)(fa)(fa)門來(lai)(lai)說(shuo)就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)開和關。

SCHUNK雄克    備件    301481
SCHUNK雄克    氣缸(夾爪)    PGN-plus 200-1/ID:0371105
SCHUNK雄克    氣缸    0371102_PGN-PLUS100-1
SCHUNK雄克    汽缸    302132
SCHUNK雄克    備件    HG-GWB44
SCHUNK雄克    刀爪（刀庫）    Nr. 30061439
SCHUNK雄克    平行卡爪    340061
SCHUNK雄克    旋轉氣缸    SRH+20-S-M8;359446
SCHUNK雄克    備件    0371401  PGN+80-1
SCHUNK雄克    氣缸(夾抓)    PGN+200/1  371105
SCHUNK雄克    抓手    MPG40  30009623
SCHUNK雄克    氣缸    PGN+125/1AS.371403
SCHUNK雄克    限位開關    KA BW08-L 3P-0500-NPN 9641116
SCHUNK雄克    備件    0305511
SCHUNK雄克    前抓手氣缸    GMP 28-Z
SCHUNK雄克    氣缸傳感器    MMS 22-S-M8-PNP 0301032
SCHUNK雄克    備件    30030953
SCHUNK雄克    備件    0370100
SCHUNK雄克    備件    Description:PZV 64 ID:0304000
SCHUNK雄克    solenoid switch    0301370
SCHUNK雄克    氣缸    p/n：354510
SCHUNK雄克    后垂直移動氣缸    LM 100-H100/125
SCHUNK雄克    插頭    9935815
SCHUNK雄克    cylinder    SRU+40-W-180-3-8-M8 362224
SCHUNK雄克    氣缸    SRH+20-S 359446
SCHUNK雄克    備件    PGN-125/2  AS 370453
SCHUNK雄克    氣缸    GSM-P-32-AS-S-180  303931
SCHUNK雄克    機械手    0371103 PGN-plus-125-1
SCHUNK雄克    備件    302452   SWK-150   0850ZSD000
SCHUNK雄克    氣缸    MPG 20 訂貨號：340009
SCHUNK雄克    備件    PZB+100-1IS 305174
SCHUNK雄克    氣缸    ACE-Z-050  324452
SCHUNK雄克    傳感器    FPS-S13  訂貨號0301705
SCHUNK雄克    二指平動機械手    MPG-PLUS 15
SCHUNK雄克    氣缸    PGN64/1  370100
SCHUNK雄克    氣缸    PZN-PLUS160
SCHUNK雄克    備件    899999
SCHUNK雄克    備件    5523132 MMSK 22-S-PNP-5m cable
SCHUNK雄克    備件    MMSK22-2-NPN-SA
SCHUNK雄克    備件    MMSK22-S-PNP 5523132
SCHUNK雄克    氣缸    氣缸PZN160/1
SCHUNK雄克    備件    0301578 IN 80/S-M12
SCHUNK雄克    傳感器    INK 80/S m8
SCHUNK雄克    卡爪    DPG-100/1S(370263)
SCHUNK雄克    氣爪    300349PZB160
SCHUNK雄克    備件    MCS12   0307010
SCHUNK雄克    平行氣爪    PGN50-1 370099
SCHUNK雄克    備件    GWB-54
SCHUNK雄克    備件    SRU50.2-180-3
SCHUNK雄克    刀柄    206436
SCHUNK雄克    傳感器    MMS22-S-M8-PNP 0301032
SCHUNK雄克    微夾鉗氣缸    PGN-PLUS-50-1-AS
SCHUNK雄克    附件    型號:PGN-plus 200-2 AS
SCHUNK雄克    接近開關    INW40  301504
SCHUNK雄克    氣缸    JGP-240-EN
SCHUNK雄克    氣爪    362245  SRU+40+VM
SCHUNK雄克    三指夾爪    MPZ 20
SCHUNK雄克    鎖緊螺母    T20057263  K1597639
SCHUNK雄克    備件    MMS-P 22-S-M8-PNP (0301370)
SCHUNK雄克    備件    MMS-P 22-S-M8-PNP  0301370
SCHUNK雄克    氣動盤    DPG+125-2-KVZ
SCHUNK雄克    夾爪    GJZ160-1 0308960
SCHUNK雄克    氣爪    MPG-32/340011
SCHUNK雄克    刀爪（刀庫）    Nr. 30061440
SCHUNK雄克    夾爪氣缸    PWG 230-B 30031109
SCHUNK雄克    傾斜頭    SRH PLUS-M12-A(0359297)
SCHUNK雄克    夾爪氣缸    PGN+200/2 AS 371455
SCHUNK雄克    夾爪    PGN 50-1  370399
SCHUNK雄克    控制器    0307010 MCS-12 F EGN/EZN
SCHUNK雄克    氣爪    PGN-Plus-50-1-AS 0371399
SCHUNK雄克    刀柄    ID:0208144
SCHUNK雄克    氣缸    MPG40 340012
SCHUNK雄克    氣爪    88022309
SCHUNK雄克    夾爪    PZN-plus 240-1
SCHUNK雄克    備件    PGN-PLUS100-1 ID:0371102
SCHUNK雄克    氣缸    PZN-PLUS 64-1-AS   0303510
SCHUNK雄克    備件    0314094 LM 300-H275
SCHUNK雄克    備件    SWS-011A15  9936356
SCHUNK雄克    備件    PGN-plus 80 0371101
SCHUNK雄克    備件    GZB-S20/14
SCHUNK雄克    旋轉夾爪    0313313 RP-2128-Z
SCHUNK雄克    夾緊氣缸    DPG+200/1AS（304363）
SCHUNK雄克    磁性開關    301045（舊號301445）
SCHUNK雄克    氣爪    LGR10 0312970
SCHUNK雄克    接近開關    301474
SCHUNK雄克    傳感器    MMS22-S-M8-PNP 0301032
SCHUNK雄克    備件    308651 JGP 125-1 AS
SCHUNK雄克    機器人手爪插頭    9120-R26-T
SCHUNK雄克    插座接頭    9935819
SCHUNK雄克    備件    E101 25/2×32×50
SCHUNK雄克    備件    PINZA 2 GRIFFE PARALLELE 305521
SCHUNK雄克    發電機主碳刷    A24X 20*40*100
SCHUNK雄克    接地碳刷    S13/F19 8×20×50
SCHUNK雄克    快換夾頭    SWA-071-000-000    302371
SCHUNK雄克    備件    LAUMHFS3-80-2  VDI30
SCHUNK雄克    氣缸傳感器    413.9100.738 MX1316.301032MMS22-SPM8G44
SCHUNK雄克    氣爪    PZN PLUS 80-1/IS=303541
SCHUNK雄克    備件    GJZ160-1
SCHUNK雄克    機械手    PGN+64-1  371090
SCHUNK雄克    備件    PGN+200-1(ID:0371105)
SCHUNK雄克    傳感器    MMS22-S-M8-PNP
SCHUNK雄克    備件    0207933
SCHUNK雄克    備件    0205281
SCHUNK雄克    電刷    B14Z1
SCHUNK雄克    INSERTION UNIT    450071
SCHUNK雄克    后抓手氣缸    GMP 28-Z
SCHUNK雄克    備件    MMS22-S-M8-PNP
SCHUNK雄克    刀柄    HSK-A63  0204058
SCHUNK雄克    電磁開關    IN 80-S-M8（301478）
SCHUNK雄克    卡盤    TPS200-52
SCHUNK雄克    備件    RM15  NR.0313001
SCHUNK雄克    夾持器    PZN+64-1-AS  0303510
SCHUNK雄克    備件    Nr.9641211
SCHUNK雄克    接近開關    INW80/O-M12 (301518)
SCHUNK雄克    備件    30063036
SCHUNK雄克    備件    9936162 DSV-G8-8
SCHUNK雄克    信號線    M16 /KV-5-DDF-R-10 5m
SCHUNK雄克    氣動手指    PZN-PLUS64-1
SCHUNK雄克    勵磁機刷握鉸鏈夾具    06.23.1089.60
SCHUNK雄克    氣缸    PGN64/2 0370150
SCHUNK雄克    磁性開關    MMSK22-S
SCHUNK雄克    備件    0340009 MPG20
SCHUNK雄克    備件    0301248
SCHUNK雄克    solenoid switch    0301032
SCHUNK雄克    備件    Parallelgreifer PGN-plus 50-2
SCHUNK雄克    氣動盤    0304348
SCHUNK雄克    夾爪    dwg100 30010013
SCHUNK雄克    備件    DOUB. PAR GRIPP.MPG 40 0340012 SCHUNK雄克 SC
SCHUNK雄克    氣缸    MPG 40-AS
SCHUNK雄克    機械手    RH905 Ident-NO:360110
SCHUNK雄克    備件    PGN-PLUS 125-1-AS 0371403
SCHUNK雄克    備件    391469
SCHUNK雄克    適配器    GWA125/302525/48678
SCHUNK雄克    氣壓缸    PWG130B
SCHUNK雄克    備件    B26451
SCHUNK雄克    力傳感器    FMS-ZBA 100 301836
SCHUNK雄克    備件    訂貨號300610   型號：PZN64-1AS
SCHUNK雄克    備件    0302611 PWG 40-S
SCHUNK雄克    電器件    in60/s-m8 Angevin:10000182/1
SCHUNK雄克    備件    PGF 80 AF 340371
SCHUNK雄克    電纜    31000750
SCHUNK雄克    機械手    304357  DPG+160-2AS
SCHUNK雄克    備件    MMS 22-S-M5-PNP-SA-EX 0301320
SCHUNK雄克    抓手    JGP 125-1    0308650
SCHUNK雄克    備件    0370104
SCHUNK雄克    接頭    9935816
SCHUNK雄克    夾爪    MPG-plus-32
SCHUNK雄克    卡爪    JGP125-1-AS
SCHUNK雄克    傳感器    MMS22-S-M8-PNP
SCHUNK雄克    平行夾具    340012  MPG40
SCHUNK雄克    傳感器    FPS-S13  訂貨號0301705
SCHUNK雄克    備件    PGN-PLUS  125-2-AS
SCHUNK雄克    備件    PGN-PLUS-300-1
SCHUNK雄克    備件    MMS22-SPM8
SCHUNK雄克    氣爪    PZB-plus 125-2
SCHUNK雄克    備件    JGZ240-1 370987
SCHUNK雄克    氣動手指    PZN-PLUS64-1
SCHUNK雄克    氣爪    0303311 PZN+80-1
SCHUNK雄克    備件    0008794XMMS22-SPM80301032
SCHUNK雄克    備件    0301033 MMS22-S-M8-NPN
SCHUNK雄克    開關    301478
SCHUNK雄克    行夾    PGN-PLUS100-1(0371102)
SCHUNK雄克    備件    PFH50  0302050
SCHUNK雄克    備件    39303060  KGG 80-30 V
SCHUNK雄克    機械手    PGN-plus 125-1 0371103
SCHUNK雄克    氣爪    PGN-PLUS200-1-AS-KVZ
SCHUNK雄克    夾爪氣缸    PGN+125/1
SCHUNK雄克    防水插頭（公）    KAS-26B-K-90-C
SCHUNK雄克    備件 ;   0304421  DPZ+80-1

SCHUNK雄克夾爪氣缸PGN+125/1翊霈供應

SCHUNK雄克夾爪氣缸PGN+125/1翊霈供應