開(kai)(kai)(kai)(kai)(kai)關(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)的(de)(de)(de)詞語解釋為(wei)開(kai)(kai)(kai)(kai)(kai)啟和關(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)閉(bi)。它(ta)還是(shi)指一個可(ke)以使(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)開(kai)(kai)(kai)(kai)(kai)路(lu)、使(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)中斷或(huo)使(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)其(qi)(qi)(qi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)到其(qi)(qi)(qi)他電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)元件。最常見的(de)(de)(de)開(kai)(kai)(kai)(kai)(kai)關(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)是(shi)讓人操作的(de)(de)(de)機電(dian)(dian)(dian)設(she)備，其(qi)(qi)(qi)中有(you)一個或(huo)數個電(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)接(jie)點(dian)(dian)。接(jie)點(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)“閉(bi)合”（closed）表(biao)示電(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)接(jie)點(dian)(dian)導(dao)通(tong)，允許(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)流(liu)(liu)(liu)過；開(kai)(kai)(kai)(kai)(kai)關(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)的(de)(de)(de)“開(kai)(kai)(kai)(kai)(kai)路(lu)”（open）表(biao)示電(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)接(jie)點(dian)(dian)不導(dao)通(tong)形成開(kai)(kai)(kai)(kai)(kai)路(lu)，不允許(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)流(liu)(liu)(liu)過。最簡單的(de)(de)(de)開(kai)(kai)(kai)(kai)(kai)關(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)有(you)二片名叫“觸(chu)(chu)點(dian)(dian)”的(de)(de)(de)金(jin)屬(shu)，二觸(chu)(chu)點(dian)(dian)接(jie)觸(chu)(chu)時(shi)(shi)使(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)形成回(hui)路(lu)，二觸(chu)(chu)點(dian)(dian)不接(jie)觸(chu)(chu)時(shi)(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)開(kai)(kai)(kai)(kai)(kai)路(lu)。選用接(jie)點(dian)(dian)金(jin)屬(shu)時(shi)(shi)需考(kao)慮其(qi)(qi)(qi)對抗腐蝕的(de)(de)(de)程(cheng)度(du)(du)，因為(wei)大(da)多數金(jin)屬(shu)氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)后(hou)會(hui)形成絕緣的(de)(de)(de)氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)物(wu)(wu)，使(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)接(jie)點(dian)(dian)無法正常工(gong)作。選用接(jie)點(dian)(dian)金(jin)屬(shu)也(ye)(ye)需考(kao)慮其(qi)(qi)(qi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)導(dao)率、硬度(du)(du)、機械強(qiang)度(du)(du)、成本及是(shi)否有(you)毒等因素。有(you)時(shi)(shi)會(hui)在(zai)接(jie)點(dian)(dian)上(shang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)鍍抗腐蝕金(jin)屬(shu)。一般會(hui)鍍在(zai)接(jie)點(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)接(jie)觸(chu)(chu)面，以避免因氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)物(wu)(wu)而影響其(qi)(qi)(qi)性能。有(you)時(shi)(shi)接(jie)觸(chu)(chu)面也(ye)(ye)會(hui)使(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)用非金(jin)屬(shu)的(de)(de)(de)導(dao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)材料，如(ru)導(dao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)塑膠。開(kai)(kai)(kai)(kai)(kai)關(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)中除了接(jie)點(dian)(dian)之外，也(ye)(ye)會(hui)有(you)可(ke)動件使(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)接(jie)點(dian)(dian)導(dao)通(tong)或(huo)不導(dao)通(tong)，開(kai)(kai)(kai)(kai)(kai)關(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)可(ke)依可(ke)動件的(de)(de)(de)不同(tong)為(wei)分(fen)為(wei)杠(gang)桿開(kai)(kai)(kai)(kai)(kai)關(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)（Toggle switch）、按(an)鍵開(kai)(kai)(kai)(kai)(kai)關(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)、船(chuan)型開(kai)(kai)(kai)(kai)(kai)關(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)（Rocker switch）等，而可(ke)動件也(ye)(ye)可(ke)以是(shi)其(qi)(qi)(qi)他型式的(de)(de)(de)機械連桿。延(yan)(yan)時(shi)(shi)開(kai)(kai)(kai)(kai)(kai)關(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)是(shi)使(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)用電(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)元件繼電(dian)(dian)(dian)器安裝(zhuang)于開(kai)(kai)(kai)(kai)(kai)關(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)之中，延(yan)(yan)時(shi)(shi)開(kai)(kai)(kai)(kai)(kai)關(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)的(de)(de)(de)一種開(kai)(kai)(kai)(kai)(kai)關(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)。延(yan)(yan)時(shi)(shi)開(kai)(kai)(kai)(kai)(kai)關(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)又分(fen)為(wei)聲(sheng)控(kong)延(yan)(yan)時(shi)(shi)開(kai)(kai)(kai)(kai)(kai)關(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)、光控(kong)延(yan)(yan)時(shi)(shi)開(kai)(kai)(kai)(kai)(kai)關(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)、觸(chu)(chu)摸(mo)式延(yan)(yan)時(shi)(shi)開(kai)(kai)(kai)(kai)(kai)關(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)等。

電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)儀(yi)(yi)，是測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)量(liang)物體導電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)性(xing)的(de)(de)一種(zhong)儀(yi)(yi)器，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)儀(yi)(yi)被廣泛的(de)(de)應用(yong)于(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)氣安全(quan)檢查(cha)與(yu)接(jie)地(di)(di)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)竣(jun)(jun)工(gong)(gong)驗(yan)等場合(he)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)儀(yi)(yi)的(de)(de)種(zhong)類比較多，包括(kuo)接(jie)地(di)(di)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)儀(yi)(yi)、絕緣(yuan)(yuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)儀(yi)(yi)、接(jie)地(di)(di)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)儀(yi)(yi)、直流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)量(liang)儀(yi)(yi)、表面電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)儀(yi)(yi)以及回(hui)路電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)儀(yi)(yi)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)儀(yi)(yi)，是電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)氣安全(quan)檢查(cha)與(yu)接(jie)地(di)(di)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)竣(jun)(jun)工(gong)(gong)驗(yan)收*的(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)具。包括(kuo)接(jie)地(di)(di)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)儀(yi)(yi)、絕緣(yuan)(yuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)儀(yi)(yi)、直流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)量(liang)儀(yi)(yi)、表面電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)儀(yi)(yi)以及回(hui)路電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)儀(yi)(yi)。回(hui)路電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)量(liang)儀(yi)(yi)（變(bian)壓器回(hui)路電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)儀(yi)(yi)）適用(yong)于(yu)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)高(gao)(gao)低壓開關的(de)(de)主觸(chu)頭接(jie)觸(chu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)值，高(gao)(gao)低壓電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian) 纜線(xian)(xian)路的(de)(de)直流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)值等。智(zhi)能回(hui)路電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)儀(yi)(yi)采用(yong)100A恒流(liu)輸出。高(gao)(gao)輸出電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓達10V（常規儀(yi)(yi)器的(de)(de)2-3倍(bei)）可采用(yong)載面細(xi)的(de)(de)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)線(xian)(xian)，大大減輕了(le)現場測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)人員的(de)(de)勞動(dong)強(qiang)度。測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)過程(cheng)(cheng)全(quan)部由(you)單(dan)片(pian)控制自(zi)動(dong)實施，精度高(gao)(gao)，復(fu)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)性(xing)好，單(dan)按鍵操(cao)作，簡(jian)單(dan)易(yi)行，測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)數據液晶顯示。適用(yong)于(yu)不同的(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)作環境。接(jie)地(di)(di)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)儀(yi)(yi)是檢驗(yan)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)量(liang)接(jie)地(di)(di)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)的(de)(de)常用(yong)儀(yi)(yi)表，進(jin)年來(lai)由(you)于(yu)計算機(ji)技術(shu)的(de)(de)飛(fei)速發展(zhan)，因此接(jie)地(di)(di)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)儀(yi)(yi)也滲透了(le)大量(liang)的(de)(de)微處理(li)機(ji)技術(shu)，其測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)量(liang)功能，內容與(yu)精度是一般儀(yi)(yi)器所不能相比的(de)(de)。

發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)能把(ba)(ba)機(ji)械能轉換成電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能，干電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)能把(ba)(ba)化(hua)學能轉換成電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能。發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)本(ben)(ben)身并不帶電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，它的(de)兩極(ji)分(fen)別有(you)(you)正負(fu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)荷(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)，由正負(fu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)荷(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)產生電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)（電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)是(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)荷(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)在電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)的(de)作用下定向移動而(er)形成的(de)），電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)荷(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)導體(ti)(ti)里本(ben)(ben)來(lai)就有(you)(you)，要產生電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)只需要加上電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)即可，當電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)兩極(ji)接上導體(ti)(ti)時(shi)為了產生電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)而(er)把(ba)(ba)正負(fu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)荷(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)釋放出去，當電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)荷(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)散盡(jin)時(shi)，也就荷(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)盡(jin)流(liu)(liu)（壓(ya)）消了。干電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)等叫(jiao)(jiao)做(zuo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)。通過變壓(ya)器和整流(liu)(liu)器，把(ba)(ba)交流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)變成直流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)裝置叫(jiao)(jiao)做(zuo)整流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)。能提(ti)供信號(hao)(hao)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)設備叫(jiao)(jiao)做(zuo)信號(hao)(hao)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)。晶體(ti)(ti)三極(ji)管(guan)能把(ba)(ba)前面(mian)送(song)來(lai)的(de)信號(hao)(hao)加以放大，又把(ba)(ba)放大了的(de)信號(hao)(hao)傳(chuan)送(song)到(dao)后(hou)(hou)面(mian)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)中(zhong)去。晶體(ti)(ti)三極(ji)管(guan)對(dui)后(hou)(hou)面(mian)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)來(lai)說，也可以看做(zuo)是(shi)信號(hao)(hao)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)。整流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)、信號(hao)(hao)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)有(you)(you)時(shi)也叫(jiao)(jiao)做(zuo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)。

計(ji)算(suan)機(ji)(ji)與(yu)計(ji)算(suan)機(ji)(ji)或計(ji)算(suan)機(ji)(ji)與(yu)終端之間的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)數(shu)據傳(chuan)送可以(yi)采(cai)(cai)(cai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)串(chuan)行(xing)(xing)(xing)通(tong)(tong)訊(xun)(xun)和并行(xing)(xing)(xing)通(tong)(tong)訊(xun)(xun)二種(zhong)(zhong)方(fang)式。由于(yu)串(chuan)行(xing)(xing)(xing)通(tong)(tong)訊(xun)(xun)方(fang)式具(ju)有(you)(you)使(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)線路(lu)(lu)少、成本(ben)低(di)，特(te)別是在(zai)遠程傳(chuan)輸(shu)時，避免(mian)了多條(tiao)線路(lu)(lu)特(te)性的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)不(bu)(bu)一(yi)致而(er)被廣泛采(cai)(cai)(cai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)。 在(zai)串(chuan)行(xing)(xing)(xing)通(tong)(tong)訊(xun)(xun)時，要求通(tong)(tong)訊(xun)(xun)雙方(fang)都采(cai)(cai)(cai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)一(yi)個(ge)(ge)(ge)標(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)接(jie)(jie)口(kou)(kou)，使(shi)不(bu)(bu)同 的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)備(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)可以(yi)方(fang)便地(di)連(lian)接(jie)(jie)起(qi)來進行(xing)(xing)(xing)通(tong)(tong)訊(xun)(xun)。 RS-232-C接(jie)(jie)口(kou)(kou)（又稱 EIA RS-232-C）是目(mu)前最常用(yong)(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)種(zhong)(zhong)串(chuan)行(xing)(xing)(xing)通(tong)(tong)訊(xun)(xun)接(jie)(jie)口(kou)(kou)。它是在(zai)1970年由美國電子(zi)工業協會(hui)（EIA）聯合貝爾系統、 調制解調器(qi)廠(chang)家及(ji)計(ji)算(suan)機(ji)(ji)終端生產廠(chang)家共同制定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)用(yong)(yong)(yong)于(yu)串(chuan)行(xing)(xing)(xing)通(tong)(tong)訊(xun)(xun)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)標(biao)(biao)(biao) 準(zhun)(zhun)。它的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)全名是“數(shu)據終端設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)備(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)（DTE）和數(shu)據通(tong)(tong)訊(xun)(xun)設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)備(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)（DCE）之間 串(chuan)行(xing)(xing)(xing)二進制數(shu)據交換接(jie)(jie)口(kou)(kou)技術(shu)標(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)”該標(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)規(gui)(gui)定(ding)采(cai)(cai)(cai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)一(yi)個(ge)(ge)(ge)25個(ge)(ge)(ge)腳(jiao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de) DB25連(lian)接(jie)(jie)器(qi)，對連(lian)接(jie)(jie)器(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)每個(ge)(ge)(ge)引(yin)腳(jiao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)信(xin)號(hao)內容(rong)加(jia)以(yi)規(gui)(gui)定(ding)，還對各種(zhong)(zhong)信(xin) 號(hao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電平(ping)加(jia)以(yi)規(gui)(gui)定(ding)。以(yi)往，PC與(yu)智能設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)備(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)通(tong)(tong)訊(xun)(xun)多借助(zhu)RS232、RS485、以(yi)太網(wang)等方(fang)式，主(zhu)要取決(jue)于(yu)設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)備(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)接(jie)(jie)口(kou)(kou)規(gui)(gui)范。但RS232、RS485只(zhi)能代表通(tong)(tong)訊(xun)(xun)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)物(wu)理介(jie)質層和鏈路(lu)(lu)層，如(ru)果要實現(xian)數(shu)據的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)雙向訪問，就(jiu)必須自己編寫通(tong)(tong)訊(xun)(xun)應用(yong)(yong)(yong)程序(xu)，但這(zhe)種(zhong)(zhong)程序(xu)多數(shu)都不(bu)(bu)能符合ISO/OSI的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)規(gui)(gui)范，只(zhi)能實現(xian)較單一(yi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)功能，適用(yong)(yong)(yong)于(yu)單一(yi)設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)備(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)類型，程序(xu)不(bu)(bu)具(ju)備(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)通(tong)(tong)用(yong)(yong)(yong)性。在(zai)RS232或RS485設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)備(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)聯成的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)備(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)網(wang)中(zhong)，如(ru)果設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)備(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)數(shu)量超過2臺，就(jiu)必須使(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)RS485做通(tong)(tong)訊(xun)(xun)介(jie)質，RS485網(wang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)備(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)間要想互通(tong)(tong)信(xin)息只(zhi)有(you)(you)通(tong)(tong)過“主(zhu)（Master）”設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)備(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)中(zhong)轉(zhuan)才能實現(xian)，這(zhe)個(ge)(ge)(ge)主(zhu)設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)備(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)通(tong)(tong)常是PC，而(er)這(zhe)種(zhong)(zhong)設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)備(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)網(wang)中(zhong)只(zhi)允(yun)許存在(zai)一(yi)個(ge)(ge)(ge)主(zhu)設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)備(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)，其余(yu)全部是從(cong)（Slave）設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)備(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)。而(er)現(xian)場(chang)總(zong)線技術(shu)是以(yi)ISO/OSI模型為基礎的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，具(ju)有(you)(you)完(wan)整的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)軟件支持系統，能夠(gou)解決(jue)總(zong)線控制、沖突檢測、鏈路(lu)(lu)維護等問題(ti).

光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)式(shi)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)感(gan)(gan)(gan)器(qi)photoelectric transducer，基于(yu)(yu)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)效應(ying)(ying)(ying)的(de)(de)(de)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)感(gan)(gan)(gan)器(qi)，在受(shou)到可見(jian)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)照射后即產(chan)生光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)效應(ying)(ying)(ying)，將光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)信號(hao)轉換成電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)信號(hao)輸(shu)出。它(ta)除能測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)量(liang)(liang)(liang)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)強(qiang)之外(wai)，還(huan)能利用(yong)(yong)(yong)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)線的(de)(de)(de)透射、遮擋、反(fan)射、干涉等(deng)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)量(liang)(liang)(liang)多種(zhong)物理量(liang)(liang)(liang)，如尺寸、位(wei)移、速(su)度、溫度等(deng)，因而(er)是一(yi)種(zhong)應(ying)(ying)(ying)用(yong)(yong)(yong)極廣泛的(de)(de)(de)重要敏感(gan)(gan)(gan)器(qi)件(jian)(jian)。光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)量(liang)(liang)(liang)時不與被測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)對(dui)象直接(jie)接(jie)觸，光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)束的(de)(de)(de)質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)又近似為(wei)零，在測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)量(liang)(liang)(liang)中不存(cun)在摩擦和(he)(he)對(dui)被測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)對(dui)象幾乎不施加壓力。因此在許多應(ying)(ying)(ying)用(yong)(yong)(yong)場(chang)合，光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)式(shi)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)感(gan)(gan)(gan)器(qi)比其他(ta)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)感(gan)(gan)(gan)器(qi)有(you)明顯的(de)(de)(de)優越性。其缺(que)點是在某些應(ying)(ying)(ying)用(yong)(yong)(yong)方面，光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)學器(qi)件(jian)(jian)和(he)(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子器(qi)件(jian)(jian)價格(ge)較貴，并且對(dui)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)量(liang)(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)(de)環境條(tiao)件(jian)(jian)要求較高。基于(yu)(yu)外(wai)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)效應(ying)(ying)(ying)的(de)(de)(de)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)敏感(gan)(gan)(gan)器(qi)件(jian)(jian)有(you)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)管(guan)和(he)(he)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)倍增管(guan)。基于(yu)(yu)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)導(dao)效應(ying)(ying)(ying)的(de)(de)(de)有(you)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)敏電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻。基于(yu)(yu)勢(shi)壘效應(ying)(ying)(ying)的(de)(de)(de)有(you)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)二極管(guan)和(he)(he)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)三(san)極管(guan)(見(jian)半導(dao)體光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)敏元件(jian)(jian))。基于(yu)(yu)側向光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)效應(ying)(ying)(ying)的(de)(de)(de)有(you)反(fan)轉光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)敏二極管(guan)。光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)式(shi)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)感(gan)(gan)(gan)器(qi)還(huan)可按信號(hao)形式(shi)分(fen)為(wei)模擬式(shi)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)感(gan)(gan)(gan)器(qi)和(he)(he)數(shu)字式(shi)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)感(gan)(gan)(gan)器(qi)。光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)式(shi)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)感(gan)(gan)(gan)器(qi)還(huan)有(you)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)纖傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)感(gan)(gan)(gan)器(qi)、固體圖像傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)感(gan)(gan)(gan)器(qi)等(deng)

溢(yi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)閥(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)是(shi)(shi)(shi)一(yi)種液(ye)壓(ya)(ya)壓(ya)(ya)力(li)(li)(li)控(kong)制閥(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)，在(zai)液(ye)壓(ya)(ya)設備中主(zhu)要(yao)起定(ding)(ding)壓(ya)(ya)溢(yi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)，穩壓(ya)(ya)，系(xi)統卸荷(he)和(he)(he)安(an)全保護(hu)作(zuo)用(yong)。溢(yi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)閥(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)在(zai)裝(zhuang)配或使用(yong)中，由(you)于O形密(mi)封圈、組合密(mi)封圈的(de)(de)(de)損壞，或者安(an)裝(zhuang)螺釘、管接頭(tou)的(de)(de)(de)松動(dong)(dong)，都可能造成不應有(you)的(de)(de)(de)外泄漏。液(ye)壓(ya)(ya)裝(zhuang)置中容易產生(sheng)(sheng)噪(zao)聲(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)元件一(yi)般認為是(shi)(shi)(shi)泵(beng)和(he)(he)閥(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)，閥(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)中又以(yi)(yi)溢(yi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)閥(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)和(he)(he)電磁換向閥(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)等(deng)為主(zhu)。產生(sheng)(sheng)噪(zao)聲(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)因(yin)(yin)素很多(duo)。溢(yi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)閥(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)的(de)(de)(de)噪(zao)聲(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)有(you)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)速聲(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)和(he)(he)機械(xie)聲(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)二種。流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)速聲(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)中主(zhu)要(yao)由(you)油(you)液(ye)振(zhen)動(dong)(dong)、空(kong)穴(xue)以(yi)(yi)及(ji)液(ye)壓(ya)(ya)沖(chong)擊等(deng)原因(yin)(yin)產生(sheng)(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)噪(zao)聲(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)。機械(xie)聲(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)中主(zhu)要(yao)由(you)閥(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)中零件的(de)(de)(de)撞擊和(he)(he)磨擦等(deng)原因(yin)(yin)產生(sheng)(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)噪(zao)聲(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)。定(ding)(ding)壓(ya)(ya)溢(yi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)作(zuo)用(yong)：在(zai)定(ding)(ding)量(liang)泵(beng)節流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)調節系(xi)統中，定(ding)(ding)量(liang)泵(beng)提供(gong)的(de)(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)(shi)恒(heng)定(ding)(ding)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)量(liang)。當系(xi)統壓(ya)(ya)力(li)(li)(li)增大時(shi)，會使流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)量(liang)需(xu)求減小。此(ci)時(shi)溢(yi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)閥(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)開(kai)啟，使多(duo)余(yu)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)量(liang)溢(yi)回油(you)箱，保證溢(yi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)閥(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)進(jin)口壓(ya)(ya)力(li)(li)(li)，即泵(beng)出口壓(ya)(ya)力(li)(li)(li)恒(heng)定(ding)(ding)（閥(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)口常隨壓(ya)(ya)力(li)(li)(li)波動(dong)(dong)開(kai)啟）。在(zai)先導(dao)型(xing)溢(yi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)閥(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)發(fa)(fa)出的(de)(de)(de)噪(zao)聲(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)中，有(you)時(shi)會有(you)機械(xie)性(xing)的(de)(de)(de)高(gao)頻(pin)振(zhen)動(dong)(dong)聲(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)，一(yi)般稱(cheng)它為自激(ji)振(zhen)動(dong)(dong)聲(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)。這是(shi)(shi)(shi)主(zhu)閥(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)和(he)(he)導(dao)閥(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)因(yin)(yin)高(gao)頻(pin)振(zhen)動(dong)(dong)而發(fa)(fa)生(sheng)(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)聲(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)音(yin)。它的(de)(de)(de)發(fa)(fa)生(sheng)(sheng)率與回油(you)管道的(de)(de)(de)配置、流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)量(liang)、壓(ya)(ya)力(li)(li)(li)、油(you)溫（粘度(du)）等(deng)因(yin)(yin)素有(you)關。一(yi)般情況下，管道口徑小、流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)量(liang)少、壓(ya)(ya)力(li)(li)(li)高(gao)、油(you)液(ye)粘度(du)低(di)，自激(ji)振(zhen)動(dong)(dong)發(fa)(fa)生(sheng)(sheng)率就(jiu)高(gao)。

集(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)感(gan)(gan)(gan)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)是(shi)(shi)(shi)采用(yong)(yong)(yong)硅(gui)半導(dao)體(ti)(ti)集(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)工(gong)藝(yi)而(er)制(zhi)(zhi)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)感(gan)(gan)(gan)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)，因(yin)此(ci)亦(yi)稱(cheng)硅(gui)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)感(gan)(gan)(gan)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)或(huo)(huo)單(dan)(dan)片集(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)感(gan)(gan)(gan)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)。模擬(ni)集(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)感(gan)(gan)(gan)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)是(shi)(shi)(shi)在(zai)20世(shi)(shi)紀80年代問世(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)，它是(shi)(shi)(shi)將(jiang)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)感(gan)(gan)(gan)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)集(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)在(zai)一(yi)(yi)個芯片上(shang)(shang)、可(ke)完成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)量(liang)及模擬(ni)信號(hao)(hao)輸(shu)(shu)出功能的(de)(de)(de)IC。模擬(ni)集(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)感(gan)(gan)(gan)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)要(yao)(yao)特(te)(te)點是(shi)(shi)(shi)功能單(dan)(dan)一(yi)(yi)(僅測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)量(liang)某一(yi)(yi)物理量(liang))、測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)量(liang)誤差小(xiao)、價格低(di)(di)、響(xiang)應(ying)(ying)速度(du)(du)(du)快、傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)輸(shu)(shu)距(ju)離遠(yuan)、體(ti)(ti)積小(xiao)、微功耗等，適合(he)(he)(he)遠(yuan)距(ju)離測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)量(liang)、控制(zhi)(zhi)，不(bu)需(xu)要(yao)(yao)進行(xing)非(fei)線(xian)性校準(zhun)，外圍電(dian)(dian)路簡(jian)單(dan)(dan)。是(shi)(shi)(shi)從制(zhi)(zhi)造(zao)工(gong)藝(yi)上(shang)(shang)對各種類(lei)型的(de)(de)(de)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)感(gan)(gan)(gan)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)進行(xing)分(fen)(fen)類(lei)，是(shi)(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)標準(zhun)的(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)產(chan)硅(gui)基半導(dao)體(ti)(ti)集(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)(dian)路的(de)(de)(de)工(gong)藝(yi)技術制(zhi)(zhi)造(zao)的(de)(de)(de)。集(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)感(gan)(gan)(gan)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)是(shi)(shi)(shi)采用(yong)(yong)(yong)硅(gui)半導(dao)體(ti)(ti)集(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)工(gong)藝(yi)而(er)制(zhi)(zhi)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)，因(yin)此(ci)亦(yi)稱(cheng)硅(gui)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)感(gan)(gan)(gan)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)或(huo)(huo)單(dan)(dan)片集(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)溫(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)(du)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)感(gan)(gan)(gan)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)，它是(shi)(shi)(shi)將(jiang)溫(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)(du)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)感(gan)(gan)(gan)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)集(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)在(zai)一(yi)(yi)個芯片上(shang)(shang)、可(ke)完成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)溫(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)(du)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)量(liang)及模擬(ni)信號(hao)(hao)輸(shu)(shu)出功能的(de)(de)(de)IC。模擬(ni)集(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)溫(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)(du)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)感(gan)(gan)(gan)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)要(yao)(yao)特(te)(te)點是(shi)(shi)(shi)功能單(dan)(dan)一(yi)(yi)、測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)溫(wen)(wen)誤差小(xiao)、價格低(di)(di)、響(xiang)應(ying)(ying)速度(du)(du)(du)快、傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)輸(shu)(shu)距(ju)離遠(yuan)、體(ti)(ti)積小(xiao)、微功耗等，適合(he)(he)(he)遠(yuan)距(ju)離測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)溫(wen)(wen)、控溫(wen)(wen)，不(bu)需(xu)要(yao)(yao)進行(xing)非(fei)線(xian)性校準(zhun)，外圍電(dian)(dian)路簡(jian)單(dan)(dan)。圖(tu)2-1是(shi)(shi)(shi)AD590用(yong)(yong)(yong)于(yu)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)量(liang)熱(re)力學(xue)(xue)溫(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)(du)的(de)(de)(de)基本(ben)應(ying)(ying)用(yong)(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)路。因(yin)為流過(guo)(guo)AD590的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)流與熱(re)力學(xue)(xue)溫(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)(du)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)正(zheng)比(bi)，當電(dian)(dian)阻(zu)R1和電(dian)(dian)位(wei)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)R2的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)阻(zu)之(zhi)和為1kΩ時(shi)，輸(shu)(shu)出電(dian)(dian)壓隨溫(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)(du)的(de)(de)(de)變化為1mV/K。但由(you)(you)于(yu)AD590的(de)(de)(de)增(zeng)益有偏差，電(dian)(dian)阻(zu)也(ye)有誤差，因(yin)此(ci)應(ying)(ying)對電(dian)(dian)路進行(xing)調整(zheng)。調整(zheng)的(de)(de)(de)方法為：把AD590放于(yu)冰水混合(he)(he)(he)物中，調整(zheng)電(dian)(dian)位(wei)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)R2，使(shi)=273.2mV。或(huo)(huo)在(zai)室溫(wen)(wen)下(25℃)條件(jian)(jian)下調整(zheng)電(dian)(dian)位(wei)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)，使(shi)=273.2+25=298.2（mV）。但這樣調整(zheng)只(zhi)可(ke)保證在(zai)0℃或(huo)(huo)25℃附近有較(jiao)高精度(du)(du)(du)。很(hen)多傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)感(gan)(gan)(gan)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)供(gong)(gong)應(ying)(ying)商是(shi)(shi)(shi)把大(da)部分(fen)(fen)設(she)計、測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)試(shi)和制(zhi)(zhi)造(zao)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)感(gan)(gan)(gan)元(yuan)件(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)任務，委托給第三方供(gong)(gong)應(ying)(ying)商去(qu)做，可(ke)以最(zui)大(da)限(xian)度(du)(du)(du)地(di)利用(yong)(yong)(yong)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)設(she)計團隊的(de)(de)(de)有限(xian)資源，縮短產(chan)品(pin)上(shang)(shang)市時(shi)間。盡(jin)管(guan)如此(ci)，仍然(ran)有許(xu)多關鍵(jian)決策需(xu)要(yao)(yao)由(you)(you)設(she)計人員把握，而(er)且這些(xie)(xie)關鍵(jian)決定將(jiang)會對產(chan)品(pin)性能、可(ke)靠(kao)性和成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)產(chan)生(sheng)重大(da)影(ying)響(xiang)。為幫助設(she)計出適合(he)(he)(he)具體(ti)(ti)應(ying)(ying)用(yong)(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)系(xi)統，首先(xian)我們來分(fen)(fen)析一(yi)(yi)下預集(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)感(gan)(gan)(gan)元(yuan)件(jian)(jian)，特(te)(te)別是(shi)(shi)(shi)不(bu)同傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)感(gan)(gan)(gan)元(yuan)件(jian)(jian)可(ke)提供(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)(de)優勢，然(ran)后(hou)還要(yao)(yao)熟悉(xi)一(yi)(yi)些(xie)(xie)必須考(kao)慮的(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)要(yao)(yao)問題。即使(shi)是(shi)(shi)(shi)經驗豐富的(de)(de)(de)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)感(gan)(gan)(gan)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)師，也(ye)不(bu)得不(bu)承認，針(zhen)對醫療設(she)備、過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)控制(zhi)(zhi)或(huo)(huo)其(qi)他工(gong)廠自動化設(she)備的(de)(de)(de)實際應(ying)(ying)用(yong)(yong)(yong)條件(jian)(jian)，設(she)計提供(gong)(gong)精確、可(ke)靠(kao)數據(ju)的(de)(de)(de)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)感(gan)(gan)(gan)元(yuan)件(jian)(jian)，是(shi)(shi)(shi)產(chan)品(pin)開發周期中最(zui)耗時(shi)和最(zui)昂貴的(de)(de)(de)工(gong)作之(zhi)一(yi)(yi)。在(zai)很(hen)大(da)程(cheng)(cheng)度(du)(du)(du)上(shang)(shang)，這是(shi)(shi)(shi)因(yin)為傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)感(gan)(gan)(gan)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)設(she)計是(shi)(shi)(shi)跨學(xue)(xue)科合(he)(he)(he)作的(de)(de)(de)過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)，需(xu)要(yao)(yao)設(she)計團隊考(kao)慮許(xu)多電(dian)(dian)氣、機械和制(zhi)(zhi)造(zao)工(gong)藝(yi)問題。

截(jie)(jie)止(zhi)閥(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)又(you)稱(cheng)截(jie)(jie)門(men)(men)(men)(men)閥(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)，屬于(yu)(yu)強制(zhi)密封(feng)(feng)式閥(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)門(men)(men)(men)(men)，所(suo)(suo)以(yi)(yi)在閥(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)門(men)(men)(men)(men)關(guan)(guan)閉時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，必須向閥(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)瓣(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)施加壓(ya)力(li)(li)，以(yi)(yi)強制(zhi)密封(feng)(feng)面(mian)不泄(xie)漏。當介(jie)(jie)質由(you)(you)閥(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)瓣(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)下方(fang)進(jin)入閥(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)門(men)(men)(men)(men)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，操作(zuo)力(li)(li)所(suo)(suo)需要(yao)克服的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)阻力(li)(li)，是閥(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)桿(gan)和填料的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)摩擦力(li)(li)與由(you)(you)介(jie)(jie)質的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)壓(ya)力(li)(li)所(suo)(suo)產生的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)推力(li)(li)，關(guan)(guan)閥(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)門(men)(men)(men)(men)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)力(li)(li)比開(kai)(kai)閥(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)門(men)(men)(men)(men)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)力(li)(li)大(da)，所(suo)(suo)以(yi)(yi)閥(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)桿(gan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)直徑要(yao)大(da)，否則會發(fa)生閥(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)桿(gan)頂彎(wan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)故障。按連(lian)接(jie)(jie)(jie)方(fang)式分(fen)為三種(zhong)(zhong)：法蘭連(lian)接(jie)(jie)(jie)、絲扣連(lian)接(jie)(jie)(jie)、焊(han)接(jie)(jie)(jie)連(lian)接(jie)(jie)(jie)。從(cong)自密封(feng)(feng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)閥(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)門(men)(men)(men)(men)出現后，截(jie)(jie)止(zhi)閥(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)介(jie)(jie)質流(liu)(liu)向就改由(you)(you)閥(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)瓣(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)上(shang)(shang)方(fang)進(jin)入閥(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)腔，這(zhe)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)在介(jie)(jie)質壓(ya)力(li)(li)作(zuo)用(yong)下，關(guan)(guan)閥(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)門(men)(men)(men)(men)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)力(li)(li)小，而開(kai)(kai)閥(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)門(men)(men)(men)(men)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)力(li)(li)大(da)，閥(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)桿(gan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)直徑可(ke)(ke)以(yi)(yi)相應(ying)地(di)減少。同時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，在介(jie)(jie)質作(zuo)用(yong)下，這(zhe)種(zhong)(zhong)形(xing)式的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)閥(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)門(men)(men)(men)(men)也(ye)較嚴密。我國閥(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)門(men)(men)(men)(men)“三化給”曾規定，截(jie)(jie)止(zhi)閥(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)流(liu)(liu)向，一律采用(yong)自上(shang)(shang)而下。截(jie)(jie)止(zhi)閥(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)開(kai)(kai)啟(qi)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，閥(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)瓣(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)開(kai)(kai)啟(qi)高度，為公稱(cheng)直徑的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)25%～30%時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi).流(liu)(liu)量已(yi)達到(dao)最大(da)，表示閥(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)門(men)(men)(men)(men)已(yi)達全(quan)開(kai)(kai)位置(zhi)。所(suo)(suo)以(yi)(yi)截(jie)(jie)止(zhi)閥(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)全(quan)開(kai)(kai)位置(zhi)，應(ying)由(you)(you)閥(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)瓣(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)行(xing)程來決定。截(jie)(jie)止(zhi)閥(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)（stop valve,Globe Valve）的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)啟(qi)閉件是塞形(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)閥(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)瓣(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)，密封(feng)(feng)上(shang)(shang)面(mian)呈平(ping)面(mian)或海(hai)錐面(mian)，閥(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)瓣(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)沿閥(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)座(zuo)(zuo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)中心線(xian)作(zuo)直線(xian)運動(dong)(dong)。閥(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)桿(gan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)運動(dong)(dong)形(xing)式，（通用(yong)名稱(cheng)：暗(an)桿(gan)），也(ye)有(you)升降旋轉桿(gan)式可(ke)(ke)用(yong)于(yu)(yu)控制(zhi)空(kong)氣、水、蒸汽、各種(zhong)(zhong)腐蝕性介(jie)(jie)質、泥漿(jiang)、油品、液(ye)態金屬和放射(she)性介(jie)(jie)質等各種(zhong)(zhong)類(lei)型流(liu)(liu)體的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)流(liu)(liu)動(dong)(dong)。因此，這(zhe)種(zhong)(zhong)類(lei)型的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)截(jie)(jie)流(liu)(liu)截(jie)(jie)止(zhi)閥(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)閥(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)門(men)(men)(men)(men)非常(chang)(chang)適合(he)作(zuo)為切(qie)斷(duan)或調(diao)節以(yi)(yi)及(ji)節流(liu)(liu)用(yong)。由(you)(you)于(yu)(yu)該類(lei)閥(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)門(men)(men)(men)(men)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)閥(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)桿(gan)開(kai)(kai)啟(qi)或關(guan)(guan)閉行(xing)程相對(dui)較短(duan)，而且具有(you)非常(chang)(chang)可(ke)(ke)靠的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)切(qie)斷(duan)功能(neng)，又(you)由(you)(you)于(yu)(yu)閥(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)座(zuo)(zuo)通口(kou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)變化與閥(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)瓣(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)行(xing)程成(cheng)正(zheng)比例(li)關(guan)(guan)系，非常(chang)(chang)適合(he)于(yu)(yu)對(dui)流(liu)(liu)量的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)調(diao)節。

繼(ji)(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器（英文名稱(cheng)：relay）是(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)種(zhong)(zhong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)控(kong)制(zhi)器件，是(shi)(shi)當輸入量(liang)（激勵量(liang)）的變化(hua)(hua)達到規定要求時，在(zai)(zai)(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)氣輸出電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)使被控(kong)量(liang)發(fa)生預(yu)定的階躍(yue)變化(hua)(hua)的一(yi)(yi)種(zhong)(zhong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器。它具有控(kong)制(zhi)系(xi)統(tong)（又(you)稱(cheng)輸入回路(lu)(lu)）和被控(kong)制(zhi)系(xi)統(tong)（又(you)稱(cheng)輸出回路(lu)(lu)）之間的互動關(guan)系(xi)。通常(chang)應用于自動化(hua)(hua)的控(kong)制(zhi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，它實際上(shang)是(shi)(shi)用小(xiao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流去控(kong)制(zhi)大(da)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流運作(zuo)的一(yi)(yi)種(zhong)(zhong)“自動開關(guan)”。故在(zai)(zai)(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)起著自動調節、安全(quan)保(bao)護、轉換電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)等作(zuo)用。繼(ji)(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器線圈在(zai)(zai)(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)用一(yi)(yi)個長(chang)方(fang)框(kuang)符號表示(shi)(shi)，如果繼(ji)(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器有兩(liang)個線圈，就畫(hua)兩(liang)個并列的長(chang)方(fang)框(kuang)。同(tong)(tong)時在(zai)(zai)(zai)長(chang)方(fang)框(kuang)內或長(chang)方(fang)框(kuang)旁(pang)標(biao)上(shang)繼(ji)(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器的文字符號“J”。繼(ji)(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器的觸(chu)點(dian)(dian)有兩(liang)種(zhong)(zhong)表示(shi)(shi)方(fang)法(fa)：一(yi)(yi)種(zhong)(zhong)是(shi)(shi)把(ba)它們直(zhi)接(jie)畫(hua)在(zai)(zai)(zai)長(chang)方(fang)框(kuang)一(yi)(yi)側，這種(zhong)(zhong)表示(shi)(shi)法(fa)較為直(zhi)觀(guan)。另一(yi)(yi)種(zhong)(zhong)是(shi)(shi)按照電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)連接(jie)的需要，把(ba)各(ge)個觸(chu)點(dian)(dian)分(fen)別(bie)畫(hua)到各(ge)自的控(kong)制(zhi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，通常(chang)在(zai)(zai)(zai)同(tong)(tong)一(yi)(yi)繼(ji)(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器的觸(chu)點(dian)(dian)與線圈旁(pang)分(fen)別(bie)標(biao)注上(shang)相同(tong)(tong)的文字符號，并將觸(chu)點(dian)(dian)組(zu)編(bian)上(shang)號碼，以示(shi)(shi)區別(bie)。

電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)磁(ci)繼電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)般由鐵芯、線圈(quan)(quan)、銜(xian)(xian)鐵、觸(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)點(dian)(dian)簧等組成(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)。只(zhi)要(yao)在(zai)線圈(quan)(quan)兩端加上(shang)(shang)一(yi)(yi)(yi)定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓，線圈(quan)(quan)中就(jiu)會流過一(yi)(yi)(yi)定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流，從(cong)而(er)(er)產(chan)生電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)磁(ci)效應，銜(xian)(xian)鐵就(jiu)會在(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)磁(ci)力(li)吸(xi)引(yin)的(de)(de)(de)作(zuo)用下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)克服(fu)返(fan)(fan)回彈(dan)簧的(de)(de)(de)拉(la)力(li)吸(xi)向鐵芯，從(cong)而(er)(er)帶動(dong)(dong)(dong)銜(xian)(xian)鐵的(de)(de)(de)動(dong)(dong)(dong)觸(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)點(dian)(dian)與(yu)靜(jing)觸(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)點(dian)(dian)（常開(kai)(kai)觸(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)點(dian)(dian)）吸(xi)合。當線圈(quan)(quan)斷(duan)(duan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)后，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)磁(ci)的(de)(de)(de)吸(xi)力(li)也隨之消失(shi)，銜(xian)(xian)鐵就(jiu)會在(zai)彈(dan)簧的(de)(de)(de)反作(zuo)用力(li)返(fan)(fan)回原(yuan)來(lai)(lai)的(de)(de)(de)位置，使動(dong)(dong)(dong)觸(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)點(dian)(dian)與(yu)原(yuan)來(lai)(lai)的(de)(de)(de)靜(jing)觸(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)點(dian)(dian)（常閉(bi)觸(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)點(dian)(dian)）釋放。這(zhe)樣吸(xi)合、釋放，從(cong)而(er)(er)達到了在(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路中的(de)(de)(de)導通(tong)、切斷(duan)(duan)的(de)(de)(de)目的(de)(de)(de)。對(dui)于(yu)繼電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)的(de)(de)(de)“常開(kai)(kai)、常閉(bi)”觸(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)點(dian)(dian)，可以這(zhe)樣來(lai)(lai)區(qu)分：繼電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)線圈(quan)(quan)未(wei)通(tong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)處(chu)于(yu)斷(duan)(duan)開(kai)(kai)狀態的(de)(de)(de)靜(jing)觸(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)點(dian)(dian)，稱為(wei)“常開(kai)(kai)觸(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)點(dian)(dian)”；處(chu)于(yu)接(jie)通(tong)狀態的(de)(de)(de)靜(jing)觸(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)點(dian)(dian)稱為(wei)“常閉(bi)觸(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)點(dian)(dian)”。繼電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)般有(you)兩股電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路，為(wei)低壓控制電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路和高壓工作(zuo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路。當線圈(quan)(quan)通(tong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)（電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓規格有(you)ac380v、ac220v或(huo)dc220v、dc24v等）時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，銜(xian)(xian)鐵及(ji)托板被鐵心吸(xi)引(yin)而(er)(er)瞬時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)移(yi)，使瞬時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)作(zuo)觸(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)點(dian)(dian)接(jie)通(tong)或(huo)斷(duan)(duan)開(kai)(kai)。但是活塞桿(gan)(gan)和杠桿(gan)(gan)不(bu)能同時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)跟(gen)著(zhu)銜(xian)(xian)鐵一(yi)(yi)(yi)起下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)落(luo)，因為(wei)活塞桿(gan)(gan)的(de)(de)(de)上(shang)(shang)端連(lian)著(zhu)氣(qi)室中的(de)(de)(de)橡皮膜(mo)，當活塞桿(gan)(gan)在(zai)釋放彈(dan)簧的(de)(de)(de)作(zuo)用下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)開(kai)(kai)始(shi)向下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)運動(dong)(dong)(dong)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，橡皮膜(mo)隨之向下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)凹，上(shang)(shang)面(mian)空(kong)(kong)氣(qi)室的(de)(de)(de)空(kong)(kong)氣(qi)變得稀薄而(er)(er)使活塞桿(gan)(gan)受到阻(zu)尼作(zuo)用而(er)(er)緩慢下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)降(jiang)。經過一(yi)(yi)(yi)定(ding)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)間，活塞桿(gan)(gan)下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)降(jiang)到一(yi)(yi)(yi)定(ding)位置，便(bian)通(tong)過杠桿(gan)(gan)推動(dong)(dong)(dong)延(yan)(yan)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)觸(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)點(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)作(zuo)，使動(dong)(dong)(dong)斷(duan)(duan)觸(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)點(dian)(dian)斷(duan)(duan)開(kai)(kai)，動(dong)(dong)(dong)合觸(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)點(dian)(dian)閉(bi)合。從(cong)線圈(quan)(quan)通(tong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)到延(yan)(yan)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)觸(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)點(dian)(dian)完(wan)成(cheng)動(dong)(dong)(dong)作(zuo)，這(zhe)段時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)間就(jiu)是繼電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)的(de)(de)(de)延(yan)(yan)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)間。延(yan)(yan)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)間的(de)(de)(de)長(chang)短可以用螺(luo)釘調節空(kong)(kong)氣(qi)室進氣(qi)孔的(de)(de)(de)大小來(lai)(lai)改變。

接近開關是一種無需與運動部件進行機械直接接觸而可以操作的位置開關，當物體接近開關的感應面到動作距離時，不需要機械接觸及施加任何壓力即可使開關動作，從而驅動直流電器或給計算機（plc)裝置提供控制指令。接近開關是種開關型傳感器（即無觸點開關），它既有行程開關、微動開關的特性，同時具有傳感性能，且動作可靠，性能穩定，頻率響應快，應用壽命長，抗干擾能力強等、并具有防水、防震、耐腐蝕等特點。產品有電感式、電容式、霍爾式、交、直流型。
接(jie)近(jin)(jin)開(kai)(kai)關(guan)又稱無(wu)觸點接(jie)近(jin)(jin)開(kai)(kai)關(guan)，是(shi)理想的(de)電(dian)子(zi)開(kai)(kai)關(guan)量傳(chuan)感器。當金(jin)屬檢測(ce)體接(jie)近(jin)(jin)開(kai)(kai)關(guan)的(de)感應區域，開(kai)(kai)關(guan)就能無(wu)接(jie)觸，無(wu)壓力(li)、無(wu)火花、迅速(su)發出(chu)電(dian)氣指令，準確反應出(chu)運動機構(gou)的(de)位(wei)置和行(xing)程，即使(shi)用(yong)于一般的(de)行(xing)程控制(zhi)，其(qi)定位(wei)精(jing)度(du)、操作頻率、使(shi)用(yong)壽命、安(an)裝調整的(de)方便性(xing)和對惡劣環(huan)境的(de)適用(yong)能力(li)，是(shi)一般機械式行(xing)程開(kai)(kai)關(guan)所不(bu)能相(xiang)比的(de)。它廣泛地應用(yong)于機床(chuang)、冶金(jin)、化工、輕(qing)紡和印刷等行(xing)業。在自動控制(zhi)系(xi)統中可作為限位(wei)、計數、定位(wei)控制(zhi)和自動保護(hu)環(huan)節等。

編碼器（encoder）是將信號（如比特流）或數據進行編制、轉換為可用以通訊、傳輸和存儲的信號形式的設備。編碼器把角位移或直線位移轉換成電信號，前者稱為碼盤，后者稱為碼尺。按照讀出方式編碼器可以分為接觸式和非接觸式兩種；
由一個中心有軸的光電碼盤，其上有環形通、暗的刻線，有光電發射和接收器件讀取，獲得四組正弦波信號組合成A、B、C、D,每個正弦波相差90度相位差（相對于一個周波為360度），將C、D信號反向，疊加在A、B兩相上，可增強穩定信號；另每轉輸出一個Z相脈沖以代表零位參考位。
由于(yu)A、B兩相(xiang)(xiang)相(xiang)(xiang)差90度(du)，可通過比較A相(xiang)(xiang)在前還是B相(xiang)(xiang)在前，以(yi)判別(bie)編碼(ma)器的(de)正轉(zhuan)與反轉(zhuan)，通過零位(wei)脈沖(chong)，可獲得編碼(ma)器的(de)零位(wei)參考位(wei)。編碼(ma)器碼(ma)盤(pan)(pan)的(de)材料(liao)有玻(bo)(bo)璃(li)、金(jin)(jin)屬、塑料(liao)，玻(bo)(bo)璃(li)碼(ma)盤(pan)(pan)是在玻(bo)(bo)璃(li)上沉積很薄的(de)刻線(xian)，其(qi)熱穩定(ding)性好，精度(du)高(gao)，金(jin)(jin)屬碼(ma)盤(pan)(pan)直(zhi)接以(yi)通和不通刻線(xian)，不易碎(sui)，但由于(yu)金(jin)(jin)屬有一(yi)定(ding)的(de)厚度(du)，精度(du)就(jiu)有限(xian)制，其(qi)熱穩定(ding)性就(jiu)要(yao)比玻(bo)(bo)璃(li)的(de)差一(yi)個數(shu)量級，塑料(liao)碼(ma)盤(pan)(pan)是經濟型的(de)，其(qi)成本低，但精度(du)、熱穩定(ding)性、壽命均要(yao)差一(yi)些(xie)。

絕緣耐(nai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)測(ce)試儀又(you)叫(jiao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)氣絕緣強度(du)試驗儀或叫(jiao)介質強度(du)測(ce)試儀。將(jiang)一規定(ding)交流(liu)或直(zhi)流(liu)高(gao)(gao)壓(ya)(ya)施加(jia)在電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器帶(dai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)部(bu)分(fen)和非帶(dai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)部(bu)分(fen)（一般(ban)為外殼）之間以檢查電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器的(de)絕緣材(cai)料所能(neng)(neng)承受耐(nai)壓(ya)(ya)能(neng)(neng)力的(de)試驗。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器在長期工(gong)(gong)作中，不僅要承受規定(ding)的(de)工(gong)(gong)作電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)的(de)作用，還(huan)要承受操作過程(cheng)中引起短時(shi)間的(de)高(gao)(gao)于(yu)額(e)定(ding)工(gong)(gong)作電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)的(de)過電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)（過電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)值(zhi)可(ke)能(neng)(neng)會高(gao)(gao)于(yu)額(e)定(ding)工(gong)(gong)作電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)值(zhi)的(de)好幾倍）。在這些電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)的(de)作用下，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)氣絕緣材(cai)料的(de)內部(bu)結構將(jiang)發生變化。當過電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)強度(du)達到某一定(ding)值(zhi)時(shi)，就會使材(cai)料的(de)絕緣擊穿，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器將(jiang)不能(neng)(neng)正(zheng)常(chang)運行，操作者就可(ke)能(neng)(neng)觸電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian),危(wei)及人身安全。

SCHUNK雄克    傳感器    MMSK22-S-NPN-SA
SCHUNK雄克    夾爪    MPG plus 32 0305511
SCHUNK雄克    卡爪    PGN+125-1-SD 37371103
SCHUNK雄克    減徑套    GZB-S  20/5
SCHUNK雄克    夾爪    dwg80v 30026507
SCHUNK雄克    氣缸    KGG 140  340311
SCHUNK雄克    接近開關    301469
SCHUNK雄克    傳感器    IN 40/S-M8
SCHUNK雄克    氣缸    PZN+40-IS  303538
SCHUNK雄克    氣缸磁性開關    0301032 mms22 spm8 ed
SCHUNK雄克    QUICK CONNECT    NSE 138 (ID：0470001)-INLINE GRIND
SCHUNK雄克    備件    GWB 34  307135
SCHUNK雄克    備件    LGR-16(312972)
SCHUNK雄克    備件    MMS 30S-M8-PNP
SCHUNK雄克    平行爪    300275 KTG50
SCHUNK雄克    備件    HWA-080-000-000 0302781
SCHUNK雄克    三爪氣爪    PZB-Plus 64-1-AS
SCHUNK雄克    氣缸    SPU+30-W 361842
SCHUNK雄克    附件    371095
SCHUNK雄克    刀柄    HOLDER HSK-A63-D20-200L (273 336)
SCHUNK雄克    備件    302612
SCHUNK雄克    備件    301032
SCHUNK雄克    傳感器    MMS 22-S-M8-PNP
SCHUNK雄克    卡爪    0370100 PGN 64-1
SCHUNK雄克    parallel-gripper    MPG20 AS    0340039
SCHUNK雄克    備件    0207925
SCHUNK雄克    備件    0340009 MPG20
SCHUNK雄克    行夾    PGN-PLUS100-1(0371102)
SCHUNK雄克    夾爪    PGN 50-1  370399
SCHUNK雄克    備件    362020  SRU+35-W
SCHUNK雄克    開關    0301587 IN 80-S-M12-SA
SCHUNK雄克    旋轉氣缸    DSE A 4D-4  訂貨號30026217
SCHUNK雄克    電器件    0340010
SCHUNK雄克    備件    0312972
SCHUNK雄克    氣爪    PGN-PLUS 100-1
SCHUNK雄克    機械手    RH905 Ident-NO:360110
SCHUNK雄克    夾爪氣缸    PGN200-1
SCHUNK雄克    接近開關    MMS22-S-M8-PNP
SCHUNK雄克    分氣塊    0323285 DDF120 SE
SCHUNK雄克    二指氣爪    PGN 80-2AS
SCHUNK雄克    備件    MM S K22S P 12 HD
SCHUNK雄克    力傳感器    FMS-ZBP 100 301837
SCHUNK雄克    三角卡盤    DIN 55028 A6 NR.0832231
SCHUNK雄克    proximity switch    0301469
SCHUNK雄克    傳感器    MMSZ22-S-M8-PNP 訂貨號0301032
SCHUNK雄克    夾爪    MPG-plus 40 0305521
SCHUNK雄克    插頭    9935815
SCHUNK雄克    備件    訂貨號9907720
SCHUNK雄克    接近開關    301473
SCHUNK雄克    氣缸    PFH 50-AS   0302051
SCHUNK雄克    備件    KSP-F PLUS160 ID號 0405310
SCHUNK雄克    刀柄    BT50-12
SCHUNK雄克    備件    PGN160-1
SCHUNK雄克    氣缸    0371455 PGN+200-2AS
SCHUNK雄克    備件    SRU+50-W 30062319
SCHUNK雄克    備件    FPS-13 301705
SCHUNK雄克    備件    PZN80/2 300411
SCHUNK雄克    平行夾持器    0303509
SCHUNK雄克    氣爪    GWB64
SCHUNK雄克    備件    30048684-FTS-MIN45-E-1.8-7.6-CTL-ESI-145-5
SCHUNK雄克    備件    FDB340  ID0322201+(0322220/0322226/0322222/0322225)
SCHUNK雄克    備件    362020  SRU+35-W
SCHUNK雄克    夾緊氣缸    PGN+64/2 371091
SCHUNK雄克    發電機接地碳刷    S13F19 8X20X32
SCHUNK雄克    夾爪    0308601
SCHUNK雄克    氣缸    SRU 50.2 30035835
SCHUNK雄克    氣缸    PGN+80/1
SCHUNK雄克    夾爪    DWG80V 30026507
SCHUNK雄克    機械手    MPG64 340014
SCHUNK雄克    平行夾爪    0371080
SCHUNK雄克    氣缸    MSE-A40-4  352870
SCHUNK雄克    氣缸    SRH+25-W  PN：359251
SCHUNK雄克    手指氣缸    340011 MPG 32
SCHUNK雄克    夾爪氣缸    312974-LGR25
SCHUNK雄克    氣缸    PSK 40-N-2  訂貨號308242
SCHUNK雄克    機械手    PGN-Plus-80-1-AS  0371401
SCHUNK雄克    氣缸    cylinder/ose-a40-0/30005509
SCHUNK雄克    平行氣爪    PGN+64-1 訂貨號0371100
SCHUNK雄克    備件    0340060 MPG 25-IS
SCHUNK雄克    備件    IN40/S-M12 0301674
SCHUNK雄克    備件    DPG-PLUS-300-1
SCHUNK雄克    傳感器    GMNS 28-G
SCHUNK雄克    備件    TPS125-26 Z120    序列號：88000256
SCHUNK雄克    備件    0371399
SCHUNK雄克    備件    0362632 SRU+50-W-180-3-M-8
SCHUNK雄克    氣缸/Cylinder    PGN 80-plus Hub 1 AS 8mm Identnr.371401
SCHUNK雄克    接近開關    0301478 IN80-S-M8
SCHUNK雄克    備件    308800
SCHUNK雄克    插座接頭    1349081026
SCHUNK雄克    感應器    MMS-P 22-S-M8-PNP 0301370
SCHUNK雄克    機械手    PGN-plus160-2IS
SCHUNK雄克    三指夾爪    MPZ 30
SCHUNK雄克    夾爪    GBK315
SCHUNK雄克    備件    PGN+50-1
SCHUNK雄克    刀柄    ID:0210114
SCHUNK雄克    卡爪    306962
SCHUNK雄克    夾具    301380
SCHUNK雄克    氣爪    氣爪RH907
SCHUNK雄克    備件    0303022
SCHUNK雄克    氣缸    PGN+125-1-AS  0371403
SCHUNK雄克    刀柄    0280122
SCHUNK雄克    機械手    37371403
SCHUNK雄克    機械手    0354100
SCHUNK雄克    Roatry modules    SRU+35-W-180 30055461
SCHUNK雄克    夾爪    0308601
SCHUNK雄克    氣缸    MMS-22-S M8-PNP
SCHUNK雄克    備件    340523
SCHUNK雄克    定心套    9939380
SCHUNK雄克    定位套    ZHU-8
SCHUNK雄克    氣缸    30039511
SCHUNK雄克    備件    INW-50-S-M12 301505
SCHUNK雄克    氣爪    MPG-32/340011
SCHUNK雄克    刀柄    0280126
SCHUNK雄克    備件    MPG40
SCHUNK雄克    附件    PGF 80-AS  SN:0340371
SCHUNK雄克    夾具    MMSK22-S-PNP-SA 0301044
SCHUNK雄克    旋轉裝置    362252
SCHUNK雄克    磁性開關    0301049 MMS22-S-M5-NPN-SA
SCHUNK雄克    氣爪    PZN-plus64-1
SCHUNK雄克    三爪定心    PZB100 300347
SCHUNK雄克    插頭    9935815
SCHUNK雄克    備件    0371456  PINCE PGN PLUS 300-2-AS
SCHUNK雄克    Cylinder    MPG40 340012
SCHUNK雄克    備件    K173512 T20024661
SCHUNK雄克    氣爪    303309
SCHUNK雄克    備件    SFL-40-E-90 0304564
SCHUNK雄克    卡爪    0307110  DRG 100-90-AS
SCHUNK雄克    接近開關    80/S-M12
SCHUNK雄克    備件    MMS 22-S-M8-PNP 0301432
SCHUNK雄克    JAW CHUCK 卡具    KSHPLUS 160REF.0405330
SCHUNK雄克    機械卡爪    PGN-PLUS 50 1AS
SCHUNK雄克    鉆夾頭    BBT50-13/0203641
SCHUNK雄克    開關    MMS-P 22-S-M8-PNP
SCHUNK雄克    備件    ID; 422118
SCHUNK雄克    夾爪    0308611
SCHUNK雄克    備件    MMS 22-S-M8-PNP-SA ID:0301442
SCHUNK雄克    開關線    0301474 IN40-S-M8 NHS PNP
SCHUNK雄克    夾爪    0371120
SCHUNK雄克    副槍極限    IN 80/S-M8
SCHUNK雄克    備件    PZN 125/1  Schuk   ID 300313
SCHUNK雄克    氣缸    0371102_PGN-PLUS100-1
SCHUNK雄克    夾爪    MPG 32 0340011
SCHUNK雄克    伸縮夾具    10354411
SCHUNK雄克    備件    371401+80-1
SCHUNK雄克    夾爪    0340520
SCHUNK雄克    電磁開關    IN 80-S-M8（301478）
SCHUNK雄克    氣爪    0371451 PGN-PLUS 80-2-AS
SCHUNK雄克    氣缸    0303941GSM-P-40-AS-S-180
SCHUNK雄克    塊環系統    40102513
SCHUNK雄克    氣爪    0362600
SCHUNK雄克    傳感器    MMS-P22-S-M8-PNP
SCHUNK雄克    氣爪    PGN Plus 80-1  0371101
SCHUNK雄克    夾具    SWA150 302453
SCHUNK雄克    液壓卡盤    ROTA NCK  PLUS  315-91
SCHUNK雄克    備件    Rotate cylinder 0se-c 34-0 354321
SCHUNK雄克    接近開關    301580
SCHUNK雄克    氣缸    SRU+40-W-180-3 0362220
SCHUNK雄克    減徑套    D20-6
SCHUNK雄克    塊環系統附件    40102514
SCHUNK雄克    備件    CYLINDER MPG 32 340011
SCHUNK雄克    備件    IN 80-S-M8-SA   ID:0301483
SCHUNK雄克    氣缸    KGG80 340310
SCHUNK雄克    夾爪    0307137
SCHUNK雄克    夾爪    MPG-plus 40 0305521
SCHUNK雄克    備件    9985022
SCHUNK雄克    氣缸    MPG40AS 340042
SCHUNK雄克    刀柄    0263417
SCHUNK雄克    備件    0371090 PGN-Plus 64-1
SCHUNK雄克    備件    0301493
SCHUNK雄克    備件    INW 80/O-M12 訂貨號：301518
SCHUNK雄克    通用旋轉氣缸    SRU-plus 30-H-180-3-4-M8/361924
SCHUNK雄克    備件    Parallelgreifer MPG 12
SCHUNK雄克    備件    FPS-M8
SCHUNK雄克    二指氣爪    MPG 32 AS 340041
SCHUNK雄克    二指氣爪    KGG 100-40
SCHUNK雄克    電刷    B14Z1
SCHUNK雄克    減徑套    GZB-S  20/14
SCHUNK雄克    接頭    5510173
SCHUNK雄克    夾爪氣缸    JGZ+125-1 303453
SCHUNK雄克    備件    0361320
SCHUNK雄克    備件    CPGF125-AS  0340391
SCHUNK雄克    氣缸    0340039 MPG20-AS-2
SCHUNK雄克    備件    0305511 MPG+32
SCHUNK雄克    夾爪氣缸    PFH50 370761
SCHUNK雄克    滑塊支架    10354968
SCHUNK雄克    數顯游標卡尺    201961 LMG-M
SCHUNK雄克    氣動三爪    PZH-PLUS30
SCHUNK雄克    機械手    0371103 PGN-plus-125-1
SCHUNK雄克    插頭模塊    9937328（1311ZNY011）
SCHUNK雄克    氣缸    JGP 64-1-AS 308621
SCHUNK雄克    O-ring    9907 695
SCHUNK雄克    Angular Gripper    GWB 44  0307136
SCHUNK雄克    旋轉氣缸    SRU-PLUS40-W-180-3
SCHUNK雄克    備件    V2-M8/301.900
SCHUNK雄克    電磁閥    0309262 4612 302753
SCHUNK雄克    鐵跕    10357594
SCHUNK雄克    備件    PZN+160-1
SCHUNK雄克    Z axes stages    B140-C-SSS-M-2510-700-12502SAG-2ENM-MGK-1 64026
SCHUNK雄克    平行夾具    340012  MPG40
SCHUNK雄克    高精度感溫線    MMSK22-S-PNP     5523132  5米
SCHUNK雄克    接近開關    INW80/O-M12 (301518)
SCHUNK雄克    卡爪    PGN-PLUS-1-AS
SCHUNK雄克    parallel gripper    KGG 60-20    0303050
SCHUNK雄克    減徑套    GZB-S  20/8
SCHUNK雄克    Roatry modules    SRU+35-W-180 30055461
SCHUNK雄克    氣缸    RH907  Nr：0360200
SCHUNK雄克    氣缸    360310
SCHUNK雄克    finger gripper    PWC65B  30263
SCHUNK雄克    備件    in80-S-m8-sa
SCHUNK雄克    夾爪    PZB-plus64-2-AS
SCHUNK雄克    電磁開關    MMS 22-S-M8-PNP-SA  0301442
SCHUNK雄克    備件    302452   SWK-150   0850ZSD000
SCHUNK雄克    鎖緊螺栓    450300
SCHUNK雄克    傳感器    0301370
SCHUNK雄克    卡爪    0307136 GWB 44
SCHUNK雄克    毛坯手指    ABR-PLUS 100 300012
SCHUNK雄克    氣爪手指    MPG32  0340011
SCHUNK雄克    夾爪    MPG-plus 40 0305521
SCHUNK雄克    備件    訂貨號：303090
SCHUNK雄克    電氣連接插頭    ID: 0301253(替代型號0301297)
SCHUNK雄克    備件    0301264
SCHUNK雄克    氣爪    PGN-plus-64-2-AS
SCHUNK雄克    夾具    301380
SCHUNK雄克    氣缸    308910 JGZ50
SCHUNK雄克    氣缸(夾爪(zhua))    PZN-160-1

SCHUNK雄克氣缸PGN+80/1翊霈代理供應

SCHUNK雄克氣缸PGN+80/1翊霈代理供應